There is a growing body of research that suggests spanking may have negative effects on children, both in the short and long term. Spanking can cause physical harm, such as bruises or cuts, and can also lead to emotional harm, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Additionally, spanking may not be effective in changing behavior in the long term, as children may become fearful or resentful of the parent who spanks them, and may not learn the desired lesson.